Individual participant traces (gray), group mean (blue), and ±1 SD shaded band. Heart rate follows a clear circadian pattern, reaching its nadir around 4–5 AM and peaking in the mid-to-late afternoon.
Individual participant traces (gray), group mean (green), and ±1 SD shaded band. Activity is concentrated between 6 AM and 9 PM, peaking in the late afternoon.
Stacked bars showing mean minutes per sleep stage (Light, REM, Deep). Y-axis capped at 60 minutes. Only participants with valid sleep data included (≥4 hours on ≥70% of study days).
N = 37 participants with valid sleep data · Feb 25 – Apr 30, 2025 · Bar height capped at 60 min